Housed on the ground floor of the Synagogue, in the large atrium with a vaulted ceiling, the museum illustrates the history of the people of Israel, from biblical times to the diaspora, with descriptions of rites and celebrations, daily life, the main religious holidays, and with particular attention to the history of the Jewish community of Gorizia.

Part of the exhibition space is dedicated to ritual objects and testimonies relating to the Holocaust. Particularly striking are the two tables set for the Sabbath and the Passover meal (Seder), and the wall reproducing graffiti from the Risiera di San Sabba, next to which is a long list of the names of Jews residing or arrested in Gorizia, deported, and killed in the extermination camps.

A small section of the museum is dedicated to the paintings of the Gorizia philosopher Carlo Michelstaedter. These works come from the "Michelstaedter Collection," owned by the Gorizia Civic Library, which also includes his original manuscripts.